More information
Dendochronological research has shown that it could have originated as early as 1474. Almost identical to the composition of the copy in the Noordbrabants Museum in 's-Hertogenbosch, loaned from the Boijmans van Beuningen Museum in Rotterdam.
Credit line:
John Stewart Kennedy Fund, 1913
History:
Was in the possession of Friedrich Lippmann in Berlin on his death in 1903. In November 1912 at the sale of his collection, by Rudolph Lepke, lot number 38, as a Jheronimus Bosch, sold to the Metropolitain Museum for DM 55,000, with support from the John Stewart Kennedy Fund.
Literature:
Gustav Glück. "Zu einem Bilde von Hieronymus Bosch in der Figdorschen Sammlung in Wien." Jahrbuch der Königlich Preuszischen Kunstsammlungen 25 (1904), p. 182, mentions it among recently discovered works by Bosch, in the collection of the late councilor Lippmann. Walter Cohen in Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler. Ed. Ulrich Thieme and Felix Becker. Vol. 4, Leipzig, 1910, pp. 387–88, no. 5, as in poor condition but autograph, probably earlier than Bosch's "Adoration" in the Museo del Prado, Madrid; finds it stylistically similar to works of the Master of the Virgin among Virgins. Max J. Friedländer in Sammlung . . . Friedrich Lippmann. Lepke's, Berlin. November 26–27, 1912, p. 9, notes that one need only compare this picture with the great "Adoration" in the Prado to realize the correctness of its attribution to Bosch; dates it toward the end of the fifteenth century. Emil Schaeffer. "Due importanti avvenimenti d'arte a Berlino." Rassegna d'arte 13 (March 1913), p. 52, fig. 5, calls it a youthful work of Bosch, but later than the Prado "Adoration". B[ryson]. B[urroughs]. "A Picture by Hieronymus Bosch." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 8 (June 1913), pp. 130–33, ill., notes that "the picture is not named in the catalogue of the artist's works compiled by his historians, but is accepted by Friedländer and other German critics who have long been familiar with it"; adds that the drawing "though extremely sensitive, is not so vigorous as in the well-known examples"; finds the picture stylistically closest to the Prado "Adoration"; comments in detail on the picture's condition. Paul Lafond. Hieronymus Bosch: Son art, son influence, ses disciples. Brussels, 1914, p. 39, ill. following p. 6, as correctly attributed to Bosch. Max J. Friedländer. Von Eyck bis Bruegel: Studien zur Geschichte der Niederländischen Malerei. Berlin, 1916, p. 74. Ludwig von Baldass. "Die Chronologie der Gemälde des Hieronymus Bosch." Jahrbuch der Königlich Preuszischen Kunstsammlungen 38 (1917), pp. 177–79, ill., calls it one of Bosch's earliest and most awkward works, and sees progress in the Adoration in Philadelphia, which he believes post-dates it. Frank Jewett Mather, Jr. "Paintings by Jerome Bosch in America." Art in America 6 (December 1917), pp. 3–4, 7, fig. 1, considers it one of Bosch's earliest works, dating it not later than 1480. Martin Conway. The Van Eycks and Their Followers. London, 1921, p. 336, as by Bosch; considers it early. Walter Schürmeyer. Hieronymus Bosch. Munich, 1923, pp. 34–36, 38, pl. 2, observes that the picture is considered the earliest of three Adorations by Bosch, and the earliest work by him in general; believes the attribution has been based above all on the facial types of the male figures, such genre-like motifs as the shepherds warming their hands at the fire near the open window, and finally, the unusual vessel held by the moorish king, which also appears in the central panel of the Madrid "Adoration"; suggests this object was used as a prop in miracle plays produced by the Brotherhood of Our Lady in 's- Hertogenbosch where Bosch and his father were both documented members; mentions that according to the research of C. F. Xavier Smits ("De Kathedral van ‘s Hertogenbosch," in Université de Louvain, Recueil de travaux publiés par les membres des Conférences d’histoire et de philologie 19, Brussels, 1907) in the Register of the Brotherhood of Our Lady, Bosch and his father contributed to the Mystery Plays not only as actors but also by painting decorations and costumes, and that this influenced Bosch’s paintings; finds the MMA picture poorly drawn and lacking the relief-like quality of Bosch's autograph works but observes that the presence of this rare ornament suggests an artist closely connected with the town, possibly even Bosch's father. Grete Ring. "Walter Schürmeyer, Hieronymus Bosch." Jahrbuch für Kunstwissenschaft (1923), p. 310, believes that Schürmeyer's doubts about the attribution can be dismissed. Friedrich Winkler. Die altniederländische Malerei: Die Malerei in Belgien und Holland von 1400–1600. Berlin, 1924, p. 156, as by Bosch; notes that the wooden composition of the figures indicates the work of a beginner. Willy Burger. Die Malerei in den Niederlanden 1400–1550. Munich, 1925, p. 96, pl. 139, as by Bosch; discusses it with the "Adoration" in Philadelphia, commenting on the exaggerated emphasis on the racial characteristics of the Moorish king in both pictures, and on the stylistic closeness of the Virgin's facial type to works of the Master of the Virgin among Virgins. Max J. Friedländer. Die altniederländische Malerei. Vol. 5, Geertgen van Haarlem und Hieronymus Bosch. Berlin, 1927, pp. 88–89, 91, 143, no. 66, ill., notes that in its archaic symmetry and gilding, scarcely ever again found in Bosch, this picture makes a meagre and constrained impression, but calls it pleasingly bright and smooth, despite its frugality; considers it early although not youthful in the narrower sense, placing the Philadelphia "Adoration" after it, followed by the one in the Prado; comments on its poor state of preservation. Lionel Cust. "The Adoration of the Three Kings by Hieronymus Bosch." Apollo 8 (August 1928), p. 55, notes that all authorities agree in regarding the MMA work and the Adorations in Philadelphia and Madrid as among the earliest known works by Bosch. Franz Dülberg. Niederländische Malerei der Spätgotik und Renaissance. Potsdam, 1929, p. 106, pl. 38, observes that this picture and the Philadelphia "Adoration" are generally considered the earliest works of Bosch; sees the influence of Geertgen in the figure of the Virgin, and, in the middle king, a type from Bouts. [Hippolyte] Fierens-Gevaert and Paul Fierens. Histoire de la peinture flamande des origines à la fin du XVe siècle. Vol. 3, La maturité de l'art flamand. Paris, 1929, p. 99, pl. LXXIII, fig. 120, consider it among Bosch's early works, comparing it with a "Crucifixion" in the Franchomme collection (now Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Brussels). [D. Hannema]. "Aanwinsten." Museum Boijmans te Rotterdam Jaarverslag (1931), p. 5, calls this one of Bosch's earliest works and notes the influence of miniature painting. Hans Tietze. Meisterwerke europäischer Malerei in Amerika. Vienna, 1935, p. 334, pl. 139 [English ed., "Masterpieces of European Painting in America," New York, 1939, p. 318, pl. 139], as an early work by Bosch related to his "Adoration" in the Prado. Charles de Tolnay. Hieronymus Bosch. Basel, 1937, pp. 103, 128, no. 47, pl. 114a, lists it with contested works, calling it a pastiche, and noting that the figures are archaic in style while the landscape corresponds to the more evolved style of the "second epoque". Max J. Friedländer. Hieronymus Bosch. The Hague, 1942 [essay reprinted in Ref. Lemmens and Taverne 1967, p. 18], calls it the earliest of Bosch's Adorations; comments on its primitive quality and the isolation of the forms, stressing its distance from the Netherlandish mainstream and Rogier van der Weyden [see Ref. Unverfehrt 1980, pp. 249, 296; reprinted in Jheronimus Bosch, exh. cat., Noordbrabants Museum, 's-Hertogenbosch, 1967, p. 18]. Ludwig von Baldass. Hieronymus Bosch. Vienna, 1943, pp. 38–39, observes that Tolnay [see Ref. 1937] correctly excluded this painting from Bosch's oeuvre. Harry B. Wehle and Margaretta Salinger. The Metropolitan Museum of Art: A Catalogue of Early Flemish, Dutch and German Paintings. New York, 1947, pp. 121–23, ill., as an early work of Bosch, probably of about 1490, and reminiscent in composition and in the type of Virgin to Geertgen; observe that it probably precedes the Prado "Adoration" and mention "an old copy of our painting, inferior to it in color and quality", in a private collection in Rotterdam (now Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen). Ernest Lotthé. La pensée chrétienne dans la peinture flamande et hollandaise. Lille, 1947, vol. 1, pp. 82–83, pl. XLVIIIa; vol. 2, p. 325, no. 132. Jan Brans. Hieronymus Bosch (El Bosco) en el Prado y en el Escorial. Barcelona, 1948, p. 13, mentions it as by Bosch. Julius S. Held. "Book Reviews: Harry B. Wehle and Margaretta M. Salinger . . ., 1947." Art Bulletin 31 (June 1949), pp. 139–40, notes that judging from Bosch's portrait in the Arras Codex he was an old man when he died in 1516, and that one can thus safely put the beginning of his activity earlier than the documented date of 1480–81; observes that the MMA "Adoration," "which is correctly called an example of Bosch's 'youthful style' can obviously not be dated 'about the year 1490' but more properly about twenty years earlier". Dirk Bax. Ontcijfering van Jeroen Bosch. The Hague, 1949, pp. 248–50, 253 n. 50, p. 254 n. 87, pp. 264, 272, 274 n. 15, p. 323 [English ed., "Hieronymus Bosch: His Picture-writing Deciphered," Rotterdam, 1979, p. 328 n. 50, pp. 329–30, 349, 357, 401], lists this with "paintings which derive from Bosch originals but are probably not copies"; appears in the text to consider it autograph and early. Fritz Neugass. "Hieronymus Bosch: Anbetung der Könige." Weltkunst 20 (December 15, 1950), p. 2, ill. in color on cover, as an early work of Bosch from about 1490. Margaretta Salinger. "Notes on the Cover." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 9 (December 1950), inside front cover, ill. in color on cover (detail), as by Bosch; comments on the Dutch qualities of the picture, the "restraint in expression and homeliness of types and mood"; dates it perhaps even as early as 1470. Art Treasures of the Metropolitan: A Selection from the European and Asiatic Collections of The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Exh. cat., The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 1952, p. 227, no. 101, colorpl. 101, as by Bosch. Erwin Panofsky. Early Painting in the Netherlands: Bibliography. 1953, p. 33 [unpublished manuscript in departmental archives], notes that Bosch's early works, including the New York and Philadelphia Adorations, "reveal a relationship with Geertgen and the Virgo-master as well as with early engravings". Josephine L. Allen and Elizabeth E. Gardner. A Concise Catalogue of the European Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 1954, p. 10. Lotte Brand Philip. Hieronymus Bosch. New York, 1955, p. 3, no. 1, colorpl. 1 [1969 ed., p. 10, ill. opp p. 10 (color)]. Max J. Friedländer. Early Netherlandish Painting: From van Eyck to Bruegel. Ed. F. Grossmann. English ed. [first ed. 1916]. New York, 1956, pp. 56–58, colorpl. 6, notes that there are at least three extant Adorations by Bosch, including this picture, the one in the Prado, and one in the Johnson collection, Philadelphia. Erik Larsen. Les primitifs flamands au Musée Metropolitain de New York. Utrecht, 1960, pp. 98, 132–33, fig. XXXVII, as without doubt one of Bosch's earliest works, from about 1480. R. H. Wilenski. Flemish Painters, 1430–1830. New York, 1960, vol. 1, pp. 68, 83, 85–86, 88, 90, 92, 94; vol. 2, pl. 151, as by the "New York Adoration in a White Castle Painter". Paul Philippot. "La fin du XVème siècle et les origines d'une nouvelle conception de l'image dans la peinture des Pays-Bas." Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts Bulletin 11 (March–June 1962), pp. 33–34, discusses it as the earliest of Bosch's surviving works. Colin Eisler. "Erik Larsen, Les primitifs flamands au Musée Metropolitain de New York, 1960." Art Bulletin 46 (March 1964), p. 104, calls it a "charming but inconsequential Boschian pastiche"; observes that the original source may have resembled a painting from the studio of Cornelis Buys in the Mauritshuis (see G. J. Hoogewerff, "De Noord-Nederlandsche Schilderkunst," vol. 2, 1937, fig. 174), and calls this "source" a more elaborate restatement of the Boschian original. Mia Cinotti in The Complete Paintings of Bosch. New York, 1966, pp. 114–15, no. 66, ill., as a workshop product; notes that an almost identical panel, though of lower quality, has been in the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam, since 1957. Charles de Tolnay. Hieronymus Bosch. reprint of 1965 ed. [New York], 1966, p. 383, no. 47, fig. 36, discusses it and the version in Rotterdam, calling the MMA work of superior quality, but neither autograph; ascribes ours to the "atelier of the master" and observes that although the figures seem to be from Bosch's earlier period, of about 1480, the architecture appears to be influenced by Dürer's "Epiphany" of about 1502–5 from the Life of the Virgin series of woodcuts; notes that details of the landscape would also support a later date and comments that it is impossible to recognize Bosch's style in the brushstrokes, for example in the hands or body of the Christ Child. G. Lemmens and E. Taverne in Jheronimus Bosch. Exh. cat., Noordbrabants Museum. 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands, 1967, p. 77, attribute it to an imitator who used elements of Bosch's work, but consider it superior in quality to the Boijmans example; find Tolnay's (1966) dating of the picture from the architecture unconvincing. Max J. Friedländer et al. Early Netherlandish Painting. Vol. 5, Geertgen tot Sint Jans and Jerome Bosch. New York, 1969, pp. 49, 81, no. 66, pl. 45, calls it an especially early work by the master, disfigured in places by restoration. Patrik Reuterswärd. Hieronymus Bosch. Stockholm, 1970, pp. 166–67, 185, 258, pl. 1, finds the drawing, in particular the outline of the drapery, and the brushstrokes going towards the upper left characteristic of Bosch; calls it without doubt an original and suggests it is late on the basis of the "brilliance and precision" of the detail. James Snyder, ed. Bosch in Perspective. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1973, p. 163, mentions this picture as among the better known attributions questioned or rejected by De Tolnay [see Ref. 1966] and notes that "until a more definitive analysis of his technique is made . . . De Tolnay's selection of authentic works and his dating of them will remain the most convincing analysis". Wilhelm Fraenger. Hieronymus Bosch. Dresden, 1975, pp. 312–13, 431 n. 140, calls it Bosch's earliest painting. Sandra Orienti and René de Solier. Hieronimus Bosch. Paris, 1977, p. 123, ill. p. 114, mentions it with other pictures of the subject, more or less contemporary with the Prado Adoration, but with controversial attributions. Gerd Unverfehrt. Hieronymus Bosch: Die Rezeption seiner Kunst im frühen 16. Jahrhundert. Berlin, 1980, pp. 123–25, 127, 147, 150, 249–50, no. 23, pl. 66, notes borrowings from Geertgen, David, and the Master of the Virgin among Virgins, and calls it a pastiche from about 1510 or shortly thereafter by an artist trained in the northern Netherlands; judging from a photograph believes it to be an autograph repetition of the picture in Rotterdam. Howard Hibbard. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 1980, pp. 205, 209, fig. 377 (color). Walter S. Gibson. "Hieronymus Bosch . . ." Burlington Magazine 124 (January 1982), p. 36. Introduction by James Snyder in The Metropolitan Museum of Art: The Renaissance in the North. New York, 1987, pp. 12, 45, ill. in color on title pages (detail), p. 44, and p. 45 (detail), as by Bosch. Carmen Garrido. Letter to Maryan Ainsworth. 1990, based on color slides and infrared reflectogram assemblies of this picture, suggests an attribution to the school of Bosch; comments on the similarity of the Virgin to Eve in the "Garden of Earthly Delights" (Museo del Prado, Madrid). Roger H. Marijnissen. Letter to Véronique Sintobin. June 16, 1990, observes that "it is an interesting case, but . . . its artistic quality, style and technical characteristics do not quite fit into Bosch's oeuvre". J. R. J. van Asperen de Boer. Letter to Maryan Ainsworth. October 1, 1990, states that infrared reflectogram assemblies of this picture do not remind him of anything he has examined in the Bosch group; adds that there is virtually no underdrawing in the Rotterdam "Adoration". Roger van Schoute. Letter to Maryan Ainsworth. April 24, 1990, calls it a pastiche and attributes it to an anonymous master of the northern Netherlands from the end of the fifteenth century; notes the contrast in handling between those parts of the picture painted in gold leaf and the rest of the painting. Maryan W. Ainsworth. "Implications of Revised Attributions in Netherlandish Painting." Metropolitan Museum Journal 27 (1992), pp. 68–75 nn. 18, 20, 28, 30, figs. 12, 17–19 (infrared reflectogram assemblies), notes that the underdrawing in this picture shows, not the hand of Bosch, but that of an unknown imitator working in his orbit; observes that Peter Klein (in communications of 1990 and 1991) has shown that the Rotterdam painting was made in about 1550, and that the earliest felling date of the tree for the MMA panel is about 1466, well within Bosch's lifetime. Paul Jeromack. "New Light on Old Masters." Art & Antiques 17, no. 5 (1994), pp. 74–75, discusses the change of attribution from Bosch to a later sixteenth-century imitator. Katharine Baetjer. European Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art by Artists Born Before 1865: A Summary Catalogue. New York, 1995, p. 264, ill. Della Clason Sperling in From Van Eyck to Bruegel: Early Netherlandish Painting in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Ed. Maryan W. Ainsworth and Keith Christiansen. Exh. cat., The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 1998, pp. 36, 66, 74, 258–59, no. 66, ill. (color), date it about 1550. Erik Larsen. Hieronymus Bosch. New York, 1998, pp. 29, 111, no. 1, ill. pp. 43–45 (color) [Italian ed., "Hieronymus Bosch: catalogo completo," Florence], calls it the earliest known work by Bosch. Roger van Schoute and Monique Verboomen. Jérôme Bosch. Tournai, 2000, p. 185, include it among works they believe are neither originals by Bosch nor copies after his works; note that they may have been painted by artists linked to Bosch. Jos Koldeweij et al. in Hieronymus Bosch: The Complete Paintings and Drawings. Exh. cat., Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen. Rotterdam, 2001, pp. 40–41, 68, 88, 93, 159, 218–19, 221, 225, no. 8.1, ill. (color, overall and detail), refer to it as "Circle of Hieronymus Bosch and/or workshop," and date it about 1475 or later, noting that dendrochronology suggests it could have been produced between 1468–74, the panel in Philadelphia between 1493–99 (and thus more likely to be a pastiche), and the one in Rotterdam, 1536–42; suggest the latter work or the MMA picture could be one of the "altarpieces by Bosch with the presentation of gifts by the Three Kings" mentioned in the "Historia chronolgica . . ." of 's-Hertogenbosch, commissioned in 1606–9; note that if Bosch developed "within the workshop and family tradition" he may have been personally responsible for parts of the MMA "Adoration," and followed elements of the composition afterwards in the Prado panel of this subject. Carmen Garrido and Roger van Schoute. Bosch at the Museo del Prado: Technical Study. Madrid, 2001, pp. 16, 226. Peter Klein in Hieronymus Bosch: New Insights Into His Life and Work. Ed. Jos Koldeweij et al. Rotterdam, 2001, p. 123, based on dendrochronological analysis, determines that it is made from two boards of Baltic oak, that the youngest ring from the first board dates from 1456, and that the youngest ring from the second dates from 1457. Jos Koldeweij in The World of Bosch. Ed. Jan van Oudheusden and Aart Vos. ‘s-Hertogenbosch, 2001, p. 124. Paul Vandenbroeck. Jheronimus Bosch: De Verlossing van de Wereld. Ghent, 2002, pp. 315, 398 n. 1377, no. 19D, includes it among New Testament themes in Bosch's oeuvre, but believes it is most likely by a follower. Fritz Koreny. "Hieronymus Bosch—Überlegungen zu Stil und Chronologie: Prolegomena zu einer Sichtung des Oeuvres." Jahrbuch des Kunsthistorischen Museums Wien 4/5 (2002–3), p. 51, as an early work by Bosch, painted before 1500. Laurinda Dixon. Bosch. London, 2003, pp. 143–46, 218, fig. 71 (color), states that it may have been finished as early as 1468, and that it may be either a youthful work by Bosch or a product of the family workshop. Maryan W. Ainsworth. Memo to files. October 4, 2004, discusses the history of the painting's attribution, noting that as a result of reappraisals since the Bosch exhibition in Rotterdam, it appears to be an early work, related in style and technique to the "Ecce Homo" in the Städel Museum, Frankfurt, which, like the MMA work can be dated about 1475–80; sees the MMA panel as prefiguring the "Adoration of the Magi" in the Prado, Madrid, rather than as a pastiche following it; observes that problems related to the style of Bosch's underdrawing have yet to be resolved. Frédéric Elsig. Jheronimus Bosch: La question de la chronologie. Geneva, 2004, pp. 21–23, fig. 1, finds similarities to Bosch in the iconography and morphological types, but differences in sensibility and spatial conception; suggests this panel was a collaboration of Anthonius van Aken, Bosch's father—and the most prestigious painter in 's-Hertogenbosch—and Bosch himself, and places it in the 1470s. Larry Silver. Hieronymus Bosch. New York, 2006, p. 155, colorpl. 122, considers this picture and the Rotterdam version "controversial candidates for early paintings, or even for authentic works rather than imitations of Bosch". Roger H. Marijnissen with the assistance of Peter Ruyffelaere. Hieronymus Bosch: The Complete Works. enl. ed., with supplement. Antwerp, 2007, pp. xxiii, xxx, xxxiii, ill. (color), notes that dendrochronological analysis has "once again reopened the debate on attribution and dating". Paul Huys Janssen. "Review of Silver 2006." Burlington Magazine 149 (February 2007), p. 110, attributes it to Bosch, noting that Silver doubts the attribution. Erwin Pokorny. "Bosch and the Influence of Flemish Book Illumination." Jheronimus Bosch: His Sources. 's-Hertogenbosch, 2010, p. 289, in his discussion of the gift held by the African king in the Prado "Adoration of the Magi" triptych, mentions the African king holding a smaller object in this painting, calling it an earlier version of the subject by Bosch. Bernard Vermet. "Baldass was right—The Chronology of the Paintings of Jheronimus Bosch." Jheronimus Bosch: His Sources. 's-Hertogenbosch, 2010, pp. 299, 314–15, 317 n. 18, notes similarities with "The Garden of Earthly Delights" (Museo del Prado, Madrid), which he dates around 1481, prior to the MMA panel. Marc Rudolf de Vrij. Jheronimus Bosch: An Exercise in Common Sense. Hilversum, The Netherlands, 2012, pp. 123, 203–4, 248, 508–9, no. D.3, ill. p. 508 (color) and colorpl. 106, dates it around 1531, and states that it "probably belongs to a series of works in a deliberately antiquating style" produced by the Bosch workshop. Bernard Vermet. "On the Genealogy of a Composition: Tracing the Roots of 'Christ Driving the Traders from the Temple'." On the Trail of Bosch and Bruegel: Four Paintings United under Cross-Examination. Ed. Erma Hermens. London, 2012, p. 11. Erma Hermens and Greta Koppel. "Copying for the Art Market in 16th-century Antwerp: A Tale of Bosch and Bruegel." On the Trail of Bosch and Bruegel: Four Paintings United under Cross-Examination. Ed. Erma Hermens. London, 2012, pp. 92–93, fig. 5 (color). Fritz Koreny. Hieronymus Bosch, die Zeichnungen: Werkstatt und Nachfolge bis zum Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts. Turnhout, Belgium, 2012, pp. 54, 74, 150, 154, 264, fig. 23 (color), calls it Bosch's earliest work, dating it about 1475–85. Stefan Fischer. Hieronimus Bosch: The Complete Works. Cologne, 2013, pp. 264, 266, no. 25, ill. p. 263 (color), calls it an "extraordinary pastiche” of Bosch motifs and concludes that it must be by a later follower or member of the workshop. Eric de Bruyn. "Jheronimus Bosch: His Patrons and His Public, What We Know and Would Like to Know." Jheronimus Bosch: His Patrons and His Public. ‘s-Hertogenbosch, 2014, p. 15, ill. p. 117 (color). Stephen Graham Hitchins. Art as History, History as Art: Jheronimus Bosch and Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Assembling Knowledge, Not Setting Puzzles. Turnhout, Belgium, 2014, p. 43 n. 120, p. 375, concludes that it is not by Bosch. Matthijs Ilsink et al. Hieronymus Bosch, Painter and Draughtsman: Catalogue Raisonné. Brussels, 2016, pp. 216–23, no. 10. Luuk Hoogstede et al. Hieronymus Bosch, Painter and Draughtsman: Technical Studies. Brussels, 2016, pp. 172–81, no. 10. Matthijs Ilsink and Jos Koldeweij. Hieronymus Bosch—Visions of Genius. Exh. cat., Noordbrabants Museum, 's-Hertogenbosch. Brussels, 2016, pp. 53, 58–62, 68, 185, no. 11, checklist no. 51, ill. (color, overall and details). Gary Schwartz. Jheronimus Bosch: The Road to Heaven and Hell. New York, 2016, pp. 110–11, ill. (color, overall and details). Kathryn Calley Galitz. The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Masterpiece Paintings. New York, 2016, pp. 268, 526, no. 148, ill. pp. 156, 268 (color). Matthijs Ilsink, Jos Koldeweij, and Ron Spronk. From Bosch's Stable: Hieronymus Bosch and the Adoration of the Magi. Exh. cat., Noordbrabants Museum, 's-Hertogenbosch. Zwolle, 2018, pp. 6–93, no. 2, figs. 2, 18, 27, 33, 38, 44, ill. pp. 10–11 and cover (color, overall and details).
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